Brush up: an innovative technological aid for parents to keep a check of their childrens oral hygiene behaviour / Brush up: uma ajuda tecnológica inovadora para os pais controlarem o comportamento de higiene bucal de seus filhos

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the impact of "Brush Up" - a mobile application, on oral hygiene behaviours of 4-6-year-old children in Bangalore city. Methods: In this experimental study, 247 children aged 4-6, were randomly divided into three groups. Considering "Brush Up" is a mobile application, parents of the children in Group 1 (n=82) downloaded the application on their smartphones. Children in Group 2 (n=83) and Group 3 (n=82) received tooth brushing instructions by an educative video and manual demonstration, respectively. Effectiveness of tooth brushing was assessed with plaque scores, which were recorded for all the groups at baseline and one month using Visible Biofilm Index. Results: Wilcoxon signed rank test showed a significant improvement in the tooth brushing behaviour for the Brush Up group, which was indicated by a lower plaque score after a follow-up of one month. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by post-hoc test showed that the mean ranks of plaque scores of Brush Up group are consistently lower than those of video demonstration group and manual demonstration group. Conclusions: The lower plaque score in subsequent follow-up in Brush Up group suggests that using a smart system can enhance learning a correct tooth brushing method in young children and can also help in implementing the required reinforcement and motivation to brush and aid in better plaque control.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar o impacto do "Brush Up", um aplicativo móvel, sobre comportamentos de higiene bucal de crianças de 4 a 6 anos na cidade de Bangalore, na Índia. Métodos: Neste estudo experimental, 247 crianças de 4 a 6 anos foram divididas aleatoriamente em 3 grupos. Como "Brush Up" é um aplicativo móvel, os pais das crianças do Grupo 1 (n=82) baixaram o aplicativo em seus smartphones. As crianças do grupo 2 (n=83) e do grupo 3 (n=82) receberam instruções sobre escovação por meio de vídeo educativo e demonstração manual, respectivamente. A efetividade da escovação foi avaliada por meio de escores de placa bacteriana, registrados para todos os grupos antes da intervenção e um mês depois. Resultados: O teste de Wilcoxon sinalizou uma melhora significativa na escovação para o grupo "Brush Up", com uma pontuação mais baixa na placa bacteriana após um mês de acompanhamento. O teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste post hoc, mostrou que as classificações médias das pontuações do grupo "Brush Up" foram consistentemente mais baixas do que as do grupo com demonstração em vídeo e demonstração manual. Conclusões: Os resultados obtidos no grupo "Brush Up" sugerem que o uso de um sistema inteligente pode melhorar o aprendizado de um método correto de escovação em crianças pequenas e ajudar na implementação do reforço e motivação necessários para escovar e controlar melhor a placa bacteriana.

Programa de Salud Bucodental en escolares de la Comunidad del Bajo Boulogne / Oral Health Program in children from Bajo Boulogne Community

Las afecciones bucodentales constituyen un problema de salud pública por su alta prevalencia y su fuerte impacto individual y colectivo en términos de dolor, malestar y discapacidad social y funcional. El Centro de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria San Pantaleón, ubicado en la provincia de Buenos Aires, brinda asistencia sanitaria gratuita a la comunidad. Un relevamiento documentó que el 97% de los concurrentes presentaba caries y no se lavaban los dientes por falta de cepillo y pasta dental. Se decidió llevar adelante un programa de promoción de la salud bucodental. El objetivo fue evaluar su implementación; que incluyó: a) rastreo de caries y problemas odontológicos; b) coordinación interinstitucional; c) entrega de cepillos y pasta dental; d) intervención educativa; e) extensión comunitaria. Participaron en forma irregular 120 niñas, niños y adolescentes entre 5 y 18 años del Centro de Apoyo Escolar Fundación Bajo Boulogne. Se realizaron dos encuentros educativos y entrega de cepillos y pasta dental. En la revisión odontológica inicial sobre 60 participantes se detectaron caries en 43 (71,6%), que fueron derivados para tratamiento odontológico, pero concurrieron solo 26 (60,4%). El conocimiento sobre salud bucodental mostró cambios entre los más pequeños luego de las intervenciones educativas. Se logró implementar el programa, cumplimentando las actividades propuestas. Pero surgieron barreras que dificultaron la cobertura. En cuanto a la eficacia de la intervención educativa, no se logró mostrar cambios en el conocimiento. Se consiguió la detección oportuna, la incorporación de hábitos como el cepillado dentro de la institución educativa, la articulación para mejorar el acceso a la atención y la vinculación entre los diferentes actores comunitarios. (AU)

Oral disorders are a public health problem due to their high prevalence and their strong individual and collective impact in terms of pain, discomfort, and social and functional disability. The San Pantaleón Family and Community Medicine Center, located in the province of Buenos Aires, provides free healthcare to the community. A survey documented that 97% of those present had cavities and did not brush their teeth due to a lack of brush and toothpaste. It was decided to carry out an oral health promotion program. The objective was to evaluate its implementation; which included: a) tracking of caries and dental problems; b) inter-institutional coordination; c) delivery of brushes and toothpaste; d) educational intervention; e) community extension. 120 girls and boys and adolescents between 5 and 18 years of age from the Bajo Boulogne Foundation School Support Center irregularly participated. Two educational meetings were held, handing out brushes and toothpaste. In the initial dental review of 60 participants, caries was detected in 43 (71.6%), who were referred for dental treatment, with only 26 (60.4%) concurring. Oral health knowledge showed changes among the youngest after educational interventions. It was possible to implement the program, completing the proposed activities. Barriers arose that made coverage difficult. Regarding the effectiveness of the educational intervention, it was not possible to show changes in knowledge. Timely detection was achieved, the incorporation of habits such as brushing within the educational institution, articulation to improve access to care and the link between the different community actors. (AU)

Cepillado dental y niveles de flúor en pastas dentales usadas por niños peruanos menores de 12 años / Tooth brushing and fluoride levels in toothpaste used by peruvian children under 12 years old

RESUMEN Análisis secundario de los datos de 41 330 niños de uno a 11 años de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) 2018. Se reportó la frecuencia de cepillado y el uso de pasta dental según el nivel de flúor (no cepillado, adecuado, inadecuado, no mostró/no usa pasta, e ilegible), según variables socioeconómicas y geográficas. Un 7,8% de los niños evaluados no se cepillaba los dientes, se evidenció diferencias porcentuales significativas (p <0,001) en el uso de pasta dental con concentración inadecuada de flúor entre las categorías extremas de las variables edad (12,3%), uso de servicios odontológicos (7,7%), nivel educativo del responsable (20,4%), índice de riqueza (17,8%), dominio geográfico (11,3%) y área de residencia (9,1%). Un porcentaje considerable de niños peruanos no se cepilla los dientes; además, un gran número de niños que se cepillan emplean pastas dentales con contenidos de flúor sin efecto preventivo.

ABSTRACT Secondary analysis of data on 41,330 children aged one to 11 from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) carried out in 2018. The frequency of brushing and the use of toothpaste were reported according to the level of fluoride (no brushing, adequate, inadequate, did not show/did not use toothpaste, and illegible), according to socioeconomic and geographical variables. The evaluation showed that 7.8% of children did not brush their teeth; there were significant percentage differences (p <0.001) in the use of toothpaste with inadequate fluoride concentration between the extreme categories of the variables: age (12.3%), use of dental services (7.7%), educational level of the person responsible (20.4%), wealth index (17.8%), geographical domain (11.3%), and area of residence (9.1%). A considerable percentage of Peruvian children do not brush their teeth; in addition, a large number of children who brush use toothpastes with a fluoride content that has no preventive effect.

Tendencia y factores asociados a la frecuencia de cepillado dental en menores de doce años, Perú 2013-2018 / Trend and factors associated with the frequency of tooth brushing in children under twelve years old, Peru 2013-2018

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar la tendencia y factores asociados al cepillado de dos o más veces por día en niños menores de doce años entre el 2013 y 2018 en Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal mediante análisis secundario de datos reportados por la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar. Se consideró la información de niños con al menos un cepillado al día, considerando como «Adecuada Frecuencia de Cepillado Dental¼ (AFC) para quienes reportaban de dos a más; se generaron medidas porcentuales por ámbito geográfico, características sanitarias, de vivienda y hogar. Se determinaron los factores asociados a la AFC mediante regresión logística binaria para encuestas complejas, la variabilidad de la tendencia se identificó mediante regresión joinpoint con un 95% de confianza. Resultados. En el 2013, la AFC fue del 79,0% con un aumento a 83,9% para el 2018; se identificó que cuatro de 25 espacios geográficos se mantuvieron sin variación de AFC, y otros cuatro disminuyeron. Todas las características sanitarias mostraron favorecer el cepillado, destacándose que el no compartir el cepillo generó un OR de 2,30, IC 95%: 1,46 a 3,60. La región natural, el tipo de lugar de residencia y el quintil de riqueza afectaron la AFC; la AFC fue mayor según se incrementa el grupo etario. Conclusiones . El porcentaje de AFC ha aumentado en los últimos años, siendo influenciado favorablemente por los aspectos sanitarios; a nivel rural este porcentaje es significativamente menor, algo que también se evidencia en la región sierra.

ABSTRACT Objetivos. To determine the trend and factors associated with brushing two or more times per day in children under twelve years of age between 2013 and 2018 in Peru. Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted by secondary analysis of data reported by the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES). Information on children with at least one brushing per day was taken into account, considering as an "Adequate Toothbrushing Frequency" (ATF) for those who reported brushing two to more times per day. Percentage measures were generated by geographical area, health, housing, and household characteristics. Factors associated with an ATF were determined by using binary logistic regression for complex surveys, trend variability was identified by joinpoint regression with a 95% confidence. Results. In 2013, the ATF was 79.0%, increasing to 83.9% by 2018. Four out of 25 geographic areas were identified as having no variation on the ATF, and four others decreased. All sanitary characteristics showed favoring brushing, emphasizing that not sharing the toothbrush generated a 2.30 OR, 95% CI: 1.46 to 3.60. The natural region, type of place of residence, and wealth index quintile affected the ATF. The ATF was higher as the age group increased. Conclusions. The percentage of ATF has increased in recent years, being favorably influenced by health aspects; in rural areas, this percentage is significantly lower, something that is also evident in the Highland region.

Autoestima e comportamentos de saúde bucal em adolescentes / Self-esteem and oral health behavior in adolescents

Resumo Este estudo investigou a mediação da autoestima nos comportamentos de saúde bucal dos adolescentes. Para avaliar a autoestima usou-se a escala de Rosenberg, já as características sociodemográficas e comportamentais foram analisadas por questões validadas em outros inquéritos. Com exceção da alimentação, a maior proporção dos adolescentes possuía bons comportamentos de saúde bucal. O número de adolescentes com alto nível de autoestima foi relevantemente menor que aqueles com baixa autoestima. A utilização dos serviços odontológicos, embora associado ao alto nível de autoestima, perdeu significância após ajustado pelo sexo, idade e escovação dos dentes. Porém, a análise de regressão logística múltipla, através das estimativas não-ajustadas e ajustadas com seus respectivos Intervalos de Confiança de 95%, evidenciou associação da autoestima com idade (p-valor=0,001) e frequência de escovação (p-valor=0,019). Independente do sexo, escolares maiores de 16 anos e com autoestima elevada, escovam seus dentes com maior frequência, adquirindo, possivelmente, melhor saúde bucal. Isto confirma a modulação da autoestima sobre os comportamentos de saúde bucal, e atesta a necessidade de implementar a análise e o exercício desse fator psicossocial na assistência à saúde bucal dos jovens.

Abstract This study investigated the mediation of self-esteem in adolescents' oral health behaviors. The Rosenberg self-esteem scale was used to assess self-esteem, whereas data from socio-demographic and behavior characteristics were analyzed by questions validated in previous surveys. The teenagers had good oral health behavior, except unhealthy diet. The number of adolescents with high self-esteem was a lot smaller than those with low self-esteem. The use of dental services, even when associated with high self-esteem, lost significance after being adjusted by sex, age and tooth brushing frequency. Nevertheless, multiple logistic regression analysis, using unadjusted estimates and adjusted with their respective Confidence Intervals of 95%, showed a relationship of self-esteem with age (p-value=0.001) and tooth brushing frequency (p-value=0.019). Regardless of the sex, students over 16 years old with high self-esteem brush their teeth more often, having probably better oral health. These results confirm the modulation of self-esteem in oral health, and then it is necessary the analysis and the use of these psychosocial factors in the young oral health care.

Occurrence and predictors of gingivitis and supragingival calculus in a population of Brazilian adults

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of gingivitis and calculus and their predictors in a population of adults in Brazil. A representative sample of 758 adults from 35 to 59 years of age from Porto Alegre city was examined. A structured questionnaire was applied. The Gingival Bleeding Index and the presence of calculus were measured at 4 sites/tooth. Multivariable logistic models were fitted to determine the predictors for gingival bleeding at >20% of sites. Overall, 96.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]=95.1-98.0) of individuals had ≥ 1 bleeding site. The mean percentages of sites with gingivitis and calculus were 26.1% and 44.6%, respectively. The odds of gingivitis decreased by ∼45% for individuals ≥40 years old compared to younger adults. Individuals that never performed interproximal cleaning and non-whites had an approximately two times higher chance of gingivitis. Smokers had lower chances of gingivitis than never-smokers (odds ratio=0.40; 95% CI=0.24-0.68). Higher numbers of missing teeth were associated with higher chances of gingivitis. The percentage of calculus was significantly associated with skin color, education, proximal cleaning, smoking exposure, dental visits, and tooth loss. It can be concluded that the occurrence of gingivitis and calculus was high in this Brazilian population, and it was associated with age, skin color, education, self-reported proximal cleaning, smoking, dental care, and tooth loss.

Simultaneidade de comportamentos de risco à saúde bucal em adolescentes: evidência da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar / Simultaneous oral health risk behaviors among adolescents: evidence from the National School-based Student Health Survey

RESUMO: Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência da presença simultânea de comportamentos de risco à saúde bucal em adolescentes brasileiros e fatores associados. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados de 109.104 escolares provenientes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE). A presença simultânea de baixa frequência de escovação dentária (E), uso recente de cigarros (C), baixa frequência de ida ao dentista (D), baixo consumo de frutas (F) e alto consumo de alimentos que contêm açúcar adicionado (A) foi avaliada pela razão entre as prevalências observada e esperada (PO/PE). Regressão logística foi utilizada para avaliar a associação entre as combinações de comportamentos e as variáveis sociodemográficas e do contexto familiar. Resultados: A ocorrência de dois ou mais comportamentos de risco à saúde bucal foi de 60,40%. As combinações mais prevalentes com razão PO/PE acima de 1,20 foram EDF, CFA e EDFA. A chance de concentrar dois ou mais comportamentos foi maior para adolescentes sem supervisão familiar dos deveres de casa, de escolas públicas, do sexo masculino e das raças indígena ou amarela (odds ratio - OR > 1,00; p < 0,05). O nível de afluência familiar baixo atuou como risco para a combinação ECDFA (OR = 2,58; p = 0,009), enquanto para a combinação CFA os níveis médio e baixo atuaram como proteção (OR = 0,71; p < 0,001 e OR = 0,76; p = 0,011). Conclusão: A prevalência da presença simultânea de comportamentos de risco à saúde bucal foi baixa e associada negativamente a fatores sociodemográficos e do contexto familiar. Intervenções que busquem reduzir os comportamentos de risco em saúde bucal em adolescentes devem priorizar os grupos identificados.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To investigate the prevalence of simultaneous oral health risk behaviors and associated factors among Brazilian adolescents. Methods: The study comprised data of 109,104 adolescents participating in the Brazilian National School-based Student Health Survey. The simultaneous presence of less frequent toothbrushing (E), current smoking (C), no visits to the dentist (D), low fruit intake (F), and high sugar intake (A) was assessed by comparison of observed/expected prevalence (OP/EP). Logistic regression was used to assess sociodemographic and family factors associated with the clustering patterns of oral health risk behaviors. Results: The simultaneous occurrence of two or more oral health risk behaviors was of 60.40%. The highest prevalence values were found for the following patterns with OP/EP over 1.20: EDF, CFA, and EDFA. The odds for two or more combined oral health risk behaviors were higher for adolescents whose parents did not participate in homework, from public schools, males, and of Asian or Indigenous ethnicity (OR > 1.00; p < 0.05). Low family affluence level (FAL) acted as a risk factor for the pattern ECDFA (OR = 2.58; p = 0.009), while low and mean FAL functioned as protection factors for the pattern CFA (OR = 0.71; p < 0.001, and OR = 0.76; p = 0.011). Conclusion: The prevalence of simultaneous oral health risk behaviors was low and negatively associated with sociodemographic and family factors. Interventions aiming at reducing these behavior patterns should prioritize the groups that have been identified as being at most risk.

A multicenter study of oral health behavior among adult subjects from three South American cities

Abstract The aims of this study were to describe the self-reported oral hygiene habits, dental visit frequency, and gingival bleeding perception in adult populations from three South American cities, and also to assess the association of these variables with sociodemographic data and with the clinical presence of plaque and gingival inflammation. Five-hundred and fifty adult subjects from each city (Porto Alegre, Brazil; Tucumán, Argentina; Santiago, Chile) received full mouth examinations to determine visible plaque and gingival index. A structured questionnaire on demographics, habits, attitudes and knowledge of oral health was also administered. The data were analyzed according to dental visit frequency, toothbrushing frequency, interproximal tooth cleaning frequency, subjects' perception of gum bleeding, and proportion of subject sites with VP and bleeding sites. Analysis of the association among the variables was performed using either a chi-square test or Fischer's exact test. Toothbrushing twice a day or more was reported by 84.2% of the subjects, but only 17.7% reported daily interdental cleaning, and 60.2% reported visiting a dental clinic only in an emergency. Only 2.97% had no bleeding sites, whereas 33.7% had 50% or more bleeding sites. Regular interdental self-cleaning and a dental visit every 3-6 months was associated with less plaque and less gingival bleeding. More than 12 years of education was associated with healthier habits, less bleeding and plaque scores. In conclusion, the oral health behavior of South American adult subjects from these cities is below the international recommendations, especially in relation to interdental cleaning and regular dental visits.

Controle de placa no primeiro molar permanente: análise de custo/benefício / Plaque control in the first permanent molar: cost/benefit analysis

Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia e a eficiência do autocontrole de placa em primeiros molares permanentes. Métodos: Participaram 278 escolares de 6 a 8 anos de duas escolas públicas de Belo Horizonte-MG com amostra calculada por estimativa de proporção. Os exames foram realizados, sem prévia escovação dentária, na escola com consultório móvel, por uma profissional calibrada. Os dentes foram categorizados quanto ao estágio de erupção: não erupcionado (0), parcialmente erupcionado (1), totalmente erupcionado (2) e quanto à presença de placa estagnada na superfície oclusal: sem placa visível (0), restrita a sulcos e fissuras (1), facilmente detectável (2) e totalmente coberta por placa (3). Foram desenvolvidas atividades coletivas de orientação para escovacão, com ênfase no primeiro molar permanente. Após 6 meses, outra avaliação foi realizada juntamente com o reforço à orientação da escovação. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de Mann- Whitney e à regressão logística. Resultados: Os dentes em processo de erupção mostraram maior possibilidade de apresentar placa que aqueles com completa erupção (Odds Ratio=0,52 [0,40-0,68]; p<0,0001), no exame inicial. Foi observada uma redução de 13% da presença de placa estagnada nos primeiros molares permanentes após o trabalho educativo. O tempo despendido para o programa foi de aproximadamente 53 horas, com custo total de R$ 637,34 (~1,23/criança). Conclusão: A orientação para uma técnica de escovação com remoção de placa estagnada no primeiro molar permanente mostrou-se eficaz e eficiente para o controle da cárie dentária, sobretudo quando o mesmo se encontra em infra-oclusão.(AU)

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of plaque self-control in first permanent molars. Methods: Two hundred seventy eight schoolchildren, 6-8 years of age, from two public schools in the city of Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, participated in this study. The sample was calculated by an estimate of proportion. The examinations were performed without prior tooth brushing at schools with mobile dental offices by two calibrated professionals. The teeth were categorized according to the eruption stages: not erupted (0), partially erupted (1), and fully erupted (2), as well as regards the presence of stagnant plaque on the occlusal surface: without visible plaque (0), restricted to pits and fissures (1), easily detectable (2), and fully covered by plaque (3). Collective dental advice activities for proper tooth brushing were developed with emphasis on the first permanent molar. After six months, another evaluation, along with reinforcement of advice on proper tooth brushing, were performed. The data were submitted to the odds ratio (OR), Mann-Whitney test, and logistic regression in BioEstat 5.3 program. Results: Teeth in the eruption process showed a greater probability of presenting plaque than did those after full eruption (OR=0.52 [0.40-0.68]; p <0.0001), in the first examination. A reduction of 13% in the presence of stagnant plaque in the first permanent molars was observed after having provided educational advice. The partially erupted teeth showed a greater reduction of the presence of plaque (18%) than did the teeth after full eruption (13%). The time spent for the program was approximately 53 hours, with a total cost of R$637.34 (~R$1.23/child). Conclusion: Dental advice for proper brushing techniques to remove stagnant plaque on the first permanent molar was effective and efficient in the control of dental caries, especially when in infraocclusion.(AU)

Black stains and dental caries in Brazilian schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of black stains (BS) and factors associated with their occurrence and to investigate the association of BS with caries experience after adjusting for other risk indicators. A school-based, cross-sectional study using multistage sampling of children aged 10-12 years from 20 private and public schools in Pelotas/Southern Brazil was conducted (n = 706). Children were evaluated for BS and dental caries (DMFT/dmft index) and socioeconomic information was collected by questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate Poisson regressions were used to assess variables associated with the prevalence of BS and with caries experience. The prevalence of BS was 5.81%. The mean DMFT/dmft was 1.54 (±1.91), with a maximum value of 10. Among the children with BS, mean dmft/DMFT was 1.22 (SD 1.68), with a maximum value of 6. After adjustments for demographics and socioeconomic variables, dental plaque and tooth brushing habits, prevalence of BS was associated with lower caries experience (RR 0.67; 95%CI 0.49-0.92). In conclusion, the presence of BS showed an association with lower dental caries experience in the evaluated population. Future studies should investigate the mechanisms behind this association.

Perfil sócio-econômico de pacientes desdentados totais reabilitados na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brasil / Perfil socioeconómico de pacientes desdentados totales rehabilitados en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Federal de Bahía, Brasil / Socio-economic profile of total edentulous patients rehabilitated at the Faculty of dentistry from the Federal University of Bahia

Propôs-se: analisar o perfil dos pacientes idosos, edêntulos, reabilitados com prótese total na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia. Método: Tratou-se de um estudo descritiva, transversal com 50 indivíduos de ambos os gêneros, os quais foram reabilitados na Faculdade de Odontologia. Foi aplicado um questionário estruturado com perguntas acerca de variáveis sociodemográficas de moradia, comportamentais, de condições gerais de saúde e de cuidados com a prótese total. Resultados: a média de idade foi de 67,3 anos e houve predomínio do gênero feminino (86 porcento). Quanto ao nível educacional, 20 porcento dos pesquisados são analfabetos, enquanto 64 porcento recebem um salário mínimo mensal e 96 porcento residem em casa própria. A saúde geral foi considerada boa por 68 porcento, sendo que 24 porcento dos pacientes não utilizavam medicação. O tempo de edentulismo em 76 porcento dos casos foi superior a 10 anos, assim como a escovação da prótese total foi o método de higienização mais utilizado. Conclusão: os individuos apresentaram baixos níveis de escolaridade e de renda, fatores reconhecidamente associados ao edentulismo e evidenciados em pesquisas com populações semelhantes, o que pode levar um aumento no número de usuários de prótese total. O maior conhecimento desta população favorece o incentivo à ampliação de estratégias em saúde voltadas para essa faixa etária, a fim de ser evitada a perda dentária(AU)

Objetivo: analizar el perfil de los pacientes ancianos, desdentados, rehabilitados con prótesis total. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 50 individuos de ambos sexos, que han sido rehabilitados en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Federal de Bahía. Se les realizó un cuestionario estructurado sobre características sociodemográficas, de vivienda, de conducta, de salud general y de los cuidados con las prótesis totales. Resultados: se encontró que la edad promedio fue de 67,3 años y que predominó el sexo femenino (86 por ciento). En cuanto al nivel educativo, el 20 por ciento de los entrevistados son analfabetos, mientras que el 64 por ciento recibe un salario mínimo mensual y el 96 por ciento vive en su propia casa. La salud general era buena en el 68 por ciento y el 24 por ciento de los pacientes no utilizan medicación. El tiempo de edentulismo en el 76 por ciento de los casos fue de más de 10 años, así como el cepillado de la dentadura era el método más utilizado para realizar limpieza. Conclusiones: los individuos tenían bajos niveles de educación e ingresos, factores conocidos asociados con edentulismo y evidenciados en estudios con poblaciones similares, que pueden conducir a un aumento en el número de pacientes portadores de prótesis. Un mayor conocimiento de esta población favorece el incentivo para desarrollar estrategias de salud dirigidas a este grupo etario con el fin de evitar la pérdida de dientes(AU)

Objective: Proposed to analyze the profile of elderly patients, edentulous, rehabilitated with complete dentures (PT) at the Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia (FOUFBA). Method: This was a cross sectional study with 50 individuals of both genders. It was applied a structured questionnaire with questions about sociodemographic, housing, behavioral, general health conditions and care with PT. Results: it was found that the average age was 67.3 years and there was a predominance of females (86 percent). Regarding the educational level, 20 percent of respondents are illiterate, while 64 percent receive a minimum monthly salary and 96 percent live in their own house. The general health was good in 68 percent, and 24 percent didn't use medication. The time of edentulism in 76 percent of cases was more than 10 years, as well as brushing the denture was the most used method of cleaning. Conclusions: It was concluded that individuals had low levels of education and income, known factors associated with edentulism and evidenced in studies with similar populations, which may lead an increase in the number of denture wearers. Greater knowledge of this population favors the incentive to expand health strategies aimed at this age group in order to be prevented tooth loss(AU)

Socioeconomic inequalities and changes in oral health behaviors among Brazilian adolescents from 2009 to 2012 / Desigualdades socioeconômicas e mudanças nos comportamentos em saúde bucal de adolescentes brasileiros de 2009 a 2012

OBJECTIVE To analyze oral health behaviors changes over time in Brazilian adolescents concerning maternal educational inequalities.METHODS Data from the Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar(Brazilian National School Health Survey) were analyzed. The sample was composed of 60,973 and 61,145 students from 26 Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District in 2009 and 2012, respectively. The analyzed factors were oral health behaviors (toothbrushing frequency, sweets consumption, soft drink consumption, and cigarette experimentation) and sociodemographics (age, sex, race, type of school and maternal schooling). Oral health behaviors and sociodemographic factors in the two years were compared (Rao-Scott test) and relative and absolute measures of socioeconomic inequalities in health were estimated (slope index of inequality and relative concentration index), using maternal education as a socioeconomic indicator, expressed in number of years of study (> 11; 9-11; ≤ 8).RESULTS Results from 2012, when compared with those from 2009, for all maternal education categories, showed that the proportion of people with low toothbrushing frequency increased, and that consumption of sweets and soft drinks and cigarette experimentation decreased. In private schools, positive slope index of inequality and relative concentration index indicated higher soft drink consumption in 2012 and higher cigarette experimentation in both years among students who reported greater maternal schooling, with no significant change in inequalities. In public schools, negative slope index of inequality and relative concentration index indicated higher soft drink consumption among students who reported lower maternal schooling in both years, with no significant change overtime. The positive relative concentration index indicated inequality in 2009 for cigarette experimentation, with a higher prevalence among students who reported greater maternal schooling. There were no inequalities for toothbrushing frequency or sweets consumption.CONCLUSIONS There were changes in the prevalences of oral health behaviors during the analyzed period; however, these changes were not related to maternal education inequalities.

OBJETIVO Analisar a evolução de comportamentos em saúde bucal em adolescentes em relação às desigualdades da escolaridade materna.MÉTODOS Foram analisados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar. A amostra foi composta por 60.973 e 61.145 escolares do nono ano das 26 capitais brasileiras e do Distrito Federal em 2009 e 2012, respectivamente. Foram analisados comportamentos em saúde bucal (frequência de escovação dentária, consumo de guloseimas, consumo de refrigerantes e experimentação de cigarros) e variáveis sociodemográficas (idade, sexo, raça/cor, tipo de escola e escolaridade materna). Compararam-se os comportamentos em saúde bucal e os fatores sociodemográficos nos dois anos (teste de Rao-Scott) e calcularam-se medidas de desigualdades socioeconômicas absolutas e relativas em saúde (coeficiente angular de desigualdade e índice de concentração relativa), utilizando-se como indicador a escolaridade materna expressa em anos de estudo (> 11; 9-11; ≤ 8).RESULTADOS Quando comparado 2012 em relação a 2009, para todas as categorias de escolaridade materna, observou-se aumento da proporção de pessoas com baixa frequência de escovação, e diminuição do consumo de guloseimas e refrigerantes e da experimentação de cigarros. Em escolas privadas, o coeficiente angular de desigualdade e o índice de concentração relativa positivos indicaram maior consumo de refrigerantes em 2012 e maior experimentação de cigarros nos dois anos entre aqueles cujas mães tinham maior escolaridade, sem mudança significativa das desigualdades. Em escolas públicas, o coeficiente angular de desigualdade e o índice de concentração relativa negativos indicaram maior consumo de refrigerantes entre aqueles cujas mães tinham, nos dois anos estudados, menor escolaridade, sem mudança significativa. Já o índice de concentração relativa positivo indicou desigualdade em 2009 para experimentação de cigarros, com maior prevalência entre aqueles cujas mães tinham maior escolaridade. Não houve desigualdade para frequência de escovação e consumo de guloseimas.CONCLUSÕES As prevalências dos comportamentos em saúde bucal apresentaram mudanças no período investigado. No entanto, tais mudanças não foram relacionadas às desigualdades de escolaridade materna.

Determinantes individuais e contextuais da carie em criancas brasileiras de 12 anos em 2010 / Determinantes individuales y contextuales de la caries en ninos brasilenos de 12 anos en 2010 / Individual and contextual determinants of dental caries in Brazilian 12-year-olds in 2010

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência e gravidade de cárie em crianças brasileiras e sua associação com fatores individuais e contextuais. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal (SBBrasil 2010), em uma amostra de 7.247 crianças de 12 anos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de exames clínicos e entrevistas. As variáveis dependentes foram as prevalências de cárie (dentes permanentes cariados, perdidos ou obturados [CPOD] ≥ 1 e CPOD ≥ 4). Foram realizadas análises bivariadas (teste de Rao-Scott) e multinível (regressão de Poisson). As variáveis individuais foram sociodemográficas, condição periodontal e relato de incômodo ao escovar os dentes. Os fatores contextuais foram a presença de água fluoretada, a porcentagem de domicílios ligados à rede de abastecimento de água e a renda mediana do município. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de CPOD ≥ 1 foi 56,0%. O CPOD médio foi igual a 2,04 (IC95% 1,76;2,31) e 22,2% das crianças tinham CPOD ≥ 4. A experiência de cárie foi significantemente mais elevada em crianças de cor de pele preta, parda e amarela; em famílias com renda mais baixa; em crianças com cálculo dentário ou sangramento gengival; e naquelas que relataram incômodo ao escovar. Viver em cidades sem água fluoretada, com menor cobertura da rede de abastecimento de água e com renda mediana baixa foram fatores contextuais associados à doença. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de cárie em crianças brasileiras de 12 anos foi baixa, de acordo com os critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Houve significantes desigualdades geográficas e socioeconômicas nos níveis da doença. .

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia y gravedad de la caries en niños brasileños y su asociación con factores individuales y contextuales. MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron los datos de la Investigación Nacional de Salud Bucal (SBBrasil2010), en una muestra de 7.247 niños de 12 años. Los datos fueron colectados por medio de exámenes clínicos y entrevistas. Las variables dependientes fueron las prevalencias de caries (dientes permanentes cariados, perdidos u obturados [CPOD] ≥1 y CPOD ≥4). Se realizaron análisis bivariados (prueba de Rao-Scott) y multinivel (regresión de Poisson). Las variables individuales fueron sociodemográficas, condición periodontal y relato de incomodidad al cepillarse los dientes. Los factores contextuales fueron la presencia de agua con flúor, el porcentaje de domicilios unidos a la red de abastecimiento de agua, y la renta mediana del municipio. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de CPOD≥1 fue 56,0%. El CPOD promedio fue igual a 2,04 (IC95% 1,76;2,31) y 22,2% de los niños tenían CPOD≥4. La experiencia de caries fue significativamente más elevada en niños de color de piel negra, parda y amarilla; en familias con renta más baja, en niños con cálculo dentario o sangramiento de las encías y en aquellas que relataron incomodidad al cepillarse. Vivir en ciudades sin agua con flúor, con menor cobertura de la red de abastecimiento de agua y con renta mediana baja fueron factores contextuales asociados a la enfermedad. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de caries en niños brasileños de 12 años fue baja, de acuerdo con los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Hubo desigualdades geográficas y socioeconómicas significativas en los niveles de la enfermedad. .

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and severity of dental caries in Brazilian children and the association with individual and contextual factors. METHODS: Data were taken from the Brazilian Oral Health Survey (SBBrasil 2010) a sample of 7,247 12-year-olds. The data were collected using clinical examinations and interviews. The dependent variables were the prevalence of dental caries (decayed, missing and filled teeth [DMFT] ≥ 1 and DMFT ≥ 4). Bivariate (Rao Scott test) and multivariate (Poisson regression) analyses were carried out. The individual variables were sociodemographic variables, periodontal health and reporting discomfort while brushing. Contextual factors were the presence of water fluoridation, the percentage of residences connected to the water supply and median income of the municipality. RESULTS: The prevalence of DMFT ≥ 1 was 56.0%. Mean DMFT was 2.04 (95%CI 1.76;2.31) and 22.2% of children had DMFT ≥ 4. Caries experience was significantly more common in children with black, brown or yellow skin; in low-income families; in children with dental calculus or bleeding gums and in those who reported discomfort while brushing. Living in towns with fluoridated tap water, with low coverage of water supply and with low median income were contextual factors associated with the disease. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of dental caries in Brazilian 12-year-olds was low, according to World Health Organization criteria. There were significant geographical and socioeconomic inequalities in levels of the disease. .

Frequency of tooth brushing and associated factors in mexican schoolchildren six to nine years of age / Frecuencia del cepillado dental y factores asociados en escolares mexicanos de seis a nueve años de edad

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of daily tooth brushing and evaluate some variables associated. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 320 schoolchildren six to nine years old in Campeche, Mexico. Information on sociodemographic and socio-economic variables, oral hygiene practices and attitudes were collected through a questionnaire. The frequency of tooth brushing was categorized as "0" = fewer than seven times/week, "1" = at least once a day. In the analysis, nonparametric tests were used. RESULTS: Mean age was 6.99 ± 1.00 years, 52.5% were boys. The prevalence of daily tooth brushing was 81.6%. In bivariate analysis, the prevalence of tooth brushing was higher (p < 0.05) among the children of mothers with higher schooling (9.80 years vs 8.47 years, p < 0.05), and in younger children (84.6% in 6-7-year olds vs 71.2% in 8-9-year olds, p < 0.05). A slight, non-significant association (p < 0.10) was noted between the current frequency of tooth brushing and an earlier age when the child first started brushing with toothpaste. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in the frequency of tooth brushing by gender or by the mother's attitude toward the oral health of her child. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of daily tooth brushing was high compared to other studies. Mother's maximum level of schooling (as an indicator of socio-economic position) was associated with higher frequency of tooth brushing. Maternal characteristics are associated with the oral health behaviour of their children.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia del cepillado dental diario y evaluar algunas de las variables asociadas. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en 320 escolares de seis a nueve años de edad en Campeche, México. La información sobre las variables sociodemográficas y socio-económicas, las prácticas higiénicas orales y las actitudes, fue recopilada mediante un cuestionario. La frecuencia de cepillado dental fue clasificada con las siguientes categorías: "0" = menos de siete veces por semana, "1" = por lo menos una vez al día. En el análisis, se usaron pruebas no paramétricas. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio fue 6.99 ± 1.00 años, 52.5% fueron varones. La prevalencia del cepillado dental diario fue 81.6%. En el análisis bivariante, la prevalencia del cepillado dental fue más alta (p < 0.05) entre los niños de madres con mayor escolaridad (9.80 años frente a 8.47 años, p < 0.05), y en los niños de menor edad (84.6% en los de 6 a 7 años frente a 71.2% en los de 8 a 9 años, p < 0.05). Una ligera asociación no significativa (p < 0.10) fue observada entre la frecuencia actual del cepillado dental, y la existente en una edad más temprana, cuando el niño comenzara por primera vez a cepillarse con crema dental. No hubo ninguna diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p > 0.05) en la frecuencia del cepillado dental por género o por la actitud de la madre hacia la salud oral de su niño. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia del cepillado dental diario fue alta en comparación con la de otros estudios. El máximo nivel escolar de las madres predominio (como indicador de posición socio-económica) estuvo asociado con una mayor frecuencia del cepillado dental. Las características maternas se encuentran asociadas con la conducta en la relación con la salud oral de sus hijos.

Condição socioeconômica, frequência de escovação dentária e comportamentos em saúde em adolescentes brasileiros: uma análise a partir da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) / Socioeconomic status, toothbrushing frequency, and health-related behaviors in adolescents: an analysis using the PeNSE database

Investigou-se a associação entre comportamentos relacionados à saúde bucal e geral e condição socioeconômica, e a relação entre comportamentos relacionados à saúde e escovação dentária em adolescentes. A base de dados utilizada foi da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE), um estudo transversal de base populacional realizado em 2009 com alunos das 27 capitais brasileiras. Informações sociodemográficas e comportamentos relacionados à saúde foram coletados. O estudo envolveu 49.189 adolescentes (47,5% do sexo masculino), sendo a maioria com 14 anos de idade e de escola pública. A frequência de escovação dentária assim como outros comportamentos relacionados à saúde se associou com a condição socioeconômica de maneira distinta entre sexos. Foram observadas associações entre hábitos relacionados à saúde e a frequência de escovação dentária em ambos os sexos, porém com variações conforme a condição socioeconômica. O planejamento de intervenções para promoção da saúde de adolescentes deve levar em conta suas características individuais, o contexto familiar e social.

This study investigated the association between oral and general health-related behaviors and socioeconomic status, and the relationship between health-related behaviors and toothbrushing among adolescents. The database used here was the National School-Based Health Survey (PeNSE), a cross-sectional population-based study in 2009 with students from 27 Brazilian State capitals. Socio-demographic and health-related behavior data were collected. The survey included 49,189 adolescents (47.5% males), the majority of whom were 14 years of age and enrolled in public schools. The associations between toothbrushing frequency and other health-related behaviors and socioeconomic status varied between boys and girls. Associations were observed between health-related habits and toothbrushing frequency in both sexes, but with variations according to socioeconomic status. Planning health promotion interventions for adolescents should take their individual characteristics and family and social context into account.

Determinación de los índices CPO-D e IHOS en estudiantes de la Universidad Veracruzana, México / Determing OHI-S and DMFT in students at Universidad Veracruzana, México

Introducción: El conocimiento de la salud bucal de la población constituye una tarea fundamental desde la perspectiva de la salud pública, ya que las enfermedades bucales - tales como la caries y las periodontopatías- son los padecimientos con mayor incidencia y prevalencia alrededor del mundo. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar el índice de dientes, cariados, perdidos, obturados (CPOD), determinar el índice de higiene oral simplificado (IHOS), de los jóvenes universitarios de nuevo ingreso en el estado de Veracruz, provincia de México. Material y método: se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo, observacional, mediante la aplicación del examen de salud integral el cual constó de dos partes; un interrogatorio y una exploración clínica Resultados: El índice CPOD fue de 13.1. La prevalencia de caries fue de 80.9, perdidos 37.9 y de obturados 47.0. El índice de higiene oral simplificada que se obtuvo fue: el 81.5 por ciento bueno, el 17.4 por ciento regular y el 1.02 por ciento malo. Los alumnos que ingresaron tuvieron un índice CPO muy alto según los estándares de la OMS. Discusión: Los hallazgos en la determinación del índice CPO-D que se registró en este estudio determinan un serio problema de salud pública, Esta situación no sólo es particular en nuestro país, sino que se da la misma tendencia en otros lugares, aspectos que determinan intervenciones necesarias en el ámbito de la salud pública para una mejor calidad de vida de los estudiantes universitarios.

Introduction: Knowledge of the dental health of the population constitutes a fundamental task of public health, since oral diseases- such as cavities and periodontal disease- are the health conditions with highest incidence and prevalence around the world. The objective of this study was to determine the index of decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT) and the simplified oral health index (OHI-S) of first year university students in the state of Veracruz, province of Mexico. 27Material y method: A descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out, applying a comprehensive health ex am which consisted of two parts: a questionnaire and a clinical exam. Results: The DMFT index was 13.1. The prevalence of cavities was 80.9, missing teeth was 37.9 y filled teeth was 47.0. The OHI-S was the following: 81.5 percent good, 17.4 percent regular and 1.02 percent bad. Students had a very high OHI-S according to WHO standards. Discussion: The findings for the DMFT index constitute a serious public health problem. This situation is not found only in our country. Findings should guide the necessary interventions in order to improve quality of live for university students.

Factors associated with changes in self-reported dentifrice consumption in a brazilian group from 1996 and 2009

The aim of the study was to determine factors associated with changes in self-reported dentifrice consumption in an urban population group over 13 years. This study evaluated two surveys of 671 and 688 households sampled in the urban area of a city from Southern Brazil in 1996 and 2009, respectively. The mother of the family was asked to answer a structured questionnaire about demographics, socioeconomic and behavioral variables. The primary outcome was obtained by questioning "how long does a dentifrice tube last in your house?" The cut-off point of duration was less than 1 month. It was used to determine high consumption of dentifrice (HCD). Associations between HCD and independent variables were evaluated by multivariable Poisson regression. There was a significant decrease of 20% (81.2% to 61.2%) in the prevalence of HCD between 1996 and 2009, resulting in a crude annual decrease of 1.54%. Mother's age, family income, dental assistance, mother's brushing frequency and number of household members that use a toothbrush were significantly associated with HCD independent from the year of survey. The prevalence ratio (PR) of HCD for the year of survey was 0.75, indicating an overall decrease of 25% in the probability of HCD from 1996 to 2009. Probabilities of HCD also decreased over the 13 years among the strata of education, number of household members and reason for choice of dentifrice. It may be concluded that the factors associated with the observed decrease were higher educational levels, larger number of household members and reasons for choosing a dentifrice related to preventive/therapeutic effects.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar fatores associados com mudanças no consumo auto-reportado de dentifrício em um grupo populacional urbano ao longo de 13 anos. Este estudo avaliou dois levantamentos de 671 e 688 domicílios selecionados na área urbana de uma cidade do sul do Brasil em 1996 e 2009, respectivamente. A mãe da família respondeu a um questionário estruturado sobre variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e comportamentais. O desfecho primário foi obtido questionando "quanto tempo um tubo de dentifrício dura na sua casa?". O ponto de corte de duração foi menor que um mês. Este foi utilizado para determinar alto consumo de dentifrício (ACD). Associações entre ACD e variáveis independentes foram avaliadas por regressão de Poisson multivariada. Houve uma diminuição significativa de 20% (81,2% para 61,2%) na prevalência de ACD entre 1996 e 2009, resultando em um decréscimo anual não ajustado igual a 1,54%. Idade da mãe, renda familiar, assistência odontológica, frequência de escovação da mãe e número de membros no domicílio que escovam os dentes estiveram significativamente associados com ACD independentemente do ano de levantamento. A razão de prevalência (RP) do ACD para ano de levantamento foi 0,75, indicando uma diminuição geral de 25% na probabilidade de ACD entre 1996 para 2009. As probabilidades de ACD também diminuíram ao longo de 13 anos entre os estratos de educação, número de membros da família e razões para escolha do dentifrício. Pode-se concluir que os fatores associados com a diminuição observada foram maior nível educacional da mãe, maior número de membros da família e razões para escolha do dentifrício relacionadas a efeitos preventivo/terapêuticos.

Validade do padrão de higiene bucal de crianças aos cinco anos de idade relatado pelas mães / Validity of 5-year-old children's oral hygiene pattern referred by mothers / Validación del patrón de higiene bucal de niños de cinco años de edad relatado por las madres

OBJETIVO: Determinar a validade de perguntas freqüentemente utilizadas em estudos epidemiológicos sobre higiene bucal de crianças e compará-la segundo renda familiar e escolaridade da mãe. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas 1.122 crianças participantes do subestudo de saúde bucal de 2009 da Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas, RS, 2004. As crianças foram examinadas e suas mães entrevistadas no domicílio. O padrão-ouro da condição de higiene bucal foi avaliado por meio do Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado e a partir do seu escore total o desfecho foi dicotomizado em: placa dental ausente (escore total = 0) e presente (escore total ≥ 1). As perguntas testadas sobre o padrão de higiene bucal das crianças foram formuladas às mães e incluíram: freqüência diária de escovação, escovação antes de dormir e a combinação dessas duas (higiene bucal), com suas opções de resposta dicotomizadas em regular e irregular. A validade foi determinada por meio do cálculo dos valores percentuais e respectivos intervalos de 95 por cento de confiança de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de placa dental foi 37,0 por cento. Os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo foram, respectivamente: 29,6 por cento, 82,5 por cento, 49,8 por cento e 66,6 por cento, para freqüência de escovação diária irregular; 41,8 por cento, 64,6 por cento, 40,9 por cento e 65,5 por cento, para escovação antes de dormir irregular; 48,8 por cento, 60,8 por cento, 42,2 por cento e 67,0 por cento, para higiene bucal irregular. A validade do padrão de higiene bucal variou conforme o nível de renda familiar e a escolaridade da mãe, e a sensibilidade e o valor preditivo positivo foram maiores entre os indivíduos com menor renda familiar e com mães menos escolarizadas e o oposto, para a especificidade e o valor preditivo negativo. CONCLUSÕES: Perguntas sobre higiene bucal respondidas pelas mães de crianças não são boas substitutas do padrão real de higiene bucal medido por meio do exame clínico bucal de placa dental.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the validity of oral hygiene questions for children, as commonly used in epidemiological studies, and assess their validity by family income and mother's education. METHODS: A subsample of 1122 children from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Southern Brazil (who had participated in a 2009 oral health study) was analyzed. The children received dental examinations, and their mothers were interviewed at home. The gold standard for oral hygiene was the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index; from its total score, the outcome was dichotomized into the absence (total score = 0) or presence (total score ≥ 1) of dental plaque. The mothers answered questions related to their child's oral hygiene, including daily toothbrushing, toothbrushing before sleeping and the combination of the two (oral hygiene). These responses were dichotomized into regular and irregular. The validity was determined by calculating the percentages and respective 95 percent confidence intervals for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of dental plaque was 37.0 percent. The following sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive values and negative predictive values were observed: 29.6 percent, 82.5 percent, 49.8 percent and 66.6 percent, respectively, for irregular daily toothbrushing; 41.8 percent, 64.6 percent, 40.9 percent and 65.5 percent, respectively, for irregular toothbrushing before sleeping; and 48.8 percent, 60.8 percent, 42.2 percent and 67.0 percent, respectively, for irregular oral hygiene. The validity of the oral hygiene reporting varied across different levels of family income and mother's education. The sensitivity and positive predictive values were higher among children with lower incomes and less educated mothers, while opposite associations were observed for specificity and negative predictive value. CONCLUSIONS: Oral hygiene questions answered by mothers of five year-old children are not an appropriate substitute for direct oral hygiene assessment by the clinical examination of dental plaque.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la validación de preguntas frecuentemente utilizadas en estudios epidemiológicos sobre higiene bucal de niños y compararla según renta familiar y escolaridad de la madre. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron 1.122 niños participantes del sub-estudio de salud bucal de 2009 de la Cohorte de Nacimientos de Pelotas, Sur de Brasil, 2004. Los niños fueron examinados y sus madres entrevistadas en el domicilio. El patrón-oro de la condición de higiene bucal fue evaluado por medio del Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado y a partir del escore total el resultado fue dicotomizado en: placa dental ausente (escore total=0) y presente (escore total ≥1). Las preguntas testadas sobre el patrón de higiene bucal de los niños fueron formuladas a las madres e incluyeron: frecuencia diaria de cepillado, cepillado antes de dormir y la combinación de esas dos (higiene bucal), con sus opciones de respuesta dicotomizadas en regular e irregular. La validez fue determinada por medio del cálculo de los valores porcentuales y respectivos intervalos de 95 por ciento de confianza de sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y valor predictivo negativo. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de placa dental fue 37,0 por ciento. Los valores de sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y valor predictivo negativo fueron, respectivamente: 29,6 por ciento, 82,5 por ciento, 49,8 por ciento y 66,6 por ciento, para frecuencia de cepillado diaria irregular; 41,8 por ciento, 64,6 por ciento, 40,9 por ciento y 65,5 por ciento, para cepillado antes de dormir irregular; 48,8 por ciento, 60,8 por ciento, 42,2 por ciento y 67,0 por ciento, para higiene bucal irregular. La validez del patrón de higiene bucal varió conforme el nivel de renta familiar y la escolaridad de la madre, y la sensibilidad y el valor predictivo positivo fueron mayores entre los individuos con menor renta familiar y con madres menos escolarizadas y el opuesto, para la especificidad y el valor predictivo negativo. CONCLUSIONES: Preguntas sobre higiene bucal respondidas por las madres de niños no son buenas sustitutas del patrón real de higiene bucal medido por medio de examen clínico bucal de placa dental.

Dental pain as a determinant of expressed need for dental care among 12-year-old school children in India.

Objective: We have undertaken a cross-sectional study to assess factors associated with dental pain that determine the expressed needs for dental care among 12-year-old school children in India. Materials and Methods: A total of 2 250 school children were surveyed after being drawn through stratified cluster random sampling. The simultaneous effects of sociodemographic characteristics, pain characteristics, and the impact of pain on the quality of life were studied in association with the expressed needs for dental treatment. Results: Among the studied school children, 71.4% suffered from dental pain, only 27.7% expressed need for dental healthcare. Socioeconomic status (SES) was a statistically significant determinant. Pain characteristics like the severity of pain and pain on eating hot and cold foods were significantly associated with expressed needs. Impact characteristics associated with expressed needs were embarrassment in showing teeth, brushing teeth, and difficulty in eating and drinking. Logistic regression analysis yielded a Nagelkerke R 2 value of 0.106. Conclusion: Important determinants of expressed needs for dental care among the studied population were SES, pain intensity, pain on thermal stimuli, impact characteristics like eating/drinking and embarrassment in showing teeth.